Chemical Reaction - Chemistry Definition

Compound Reaction - Chemistry Definition A synthetic response is a compound change which frames new substances. A synthetic response might be spoken to by a concoction condition, which shows the number and sort of every iota, just as their association into atoms or particles. A concoction condition utilizes the component images as shorthand documentation for the components, with bolts to show the course of the response. A regular response is composed with reactants on the left half of the condition and items on the correct side. The condition of matter of the substances might be shown in bracket (s for strong, l for fluid, g for gas, aq for watery arrangement). The response bolt may go from left to right or there might be a twofold bolt, showing reactants go to items and some item experiences the opposite response to change reactants. While synthetic responses includes particles, regularly just the electrons are associated with the breaking and development of compound bonds. Procedures including the nuclear core are called atomic responses. The substances that take part in a concoction response are called reactants. The substances that are framed are called items. The items have various properties from the reactants. Otherwise called: response, compound change Concoction Reaction Examples The concoction response H2(g)  ½ O2(g) â†' H2O(l) depicts the development of water from its components. The response among iron and sulfur to shape iron(II) sulfide is another concoction response, spoke to by the compound condition: 8 Fe S8 â†' 8 FeS Kinds of Chemical Reactions There are endless responses, yet they can be assembled into four fundamental classifications: Union Reaction In a union or mix response, at least two reactants join to shape a progressively unpredictable item. The general type of the response is: A B â†' AB Decay Reaction A decay response is the opposite of a union response. In a deterioration, a perplexing reactant breaks into more straightforward items. The general type of a deterioration response is: AB â†' A B Single Replacement Reaction In a solitary substitution or single uprooting response, one uncombined component replaces another in a compound or exchanges places with it. The general type of a solitary substitution response is: A BC â†' AC B Twofold Replacement Reaction In a twofold substitution or twofold uprooting response, the anions and cations of the reactants exchange places with one another two structure new mixes. The general type of a twofold substitution response is: AB CD â†' AD CB Since there are such a significant number of responses, there are extra approaches to order them, however these different classes will even now can be categorized as one of the four fundamental gatherings. Instances of different classes of responses incorporate oxidation-decrease (redox) responses, corrosive base responses, complexation responses, and precipitation responses. Variables That Affect Reaction Rate The rate or speed at which a concoction response happens is influenced by a few elements, including: reactant concentrationsurface areatemperaturepressurepresence or nonattendance of catalystspresence of light, particularly bright lightactivation vitality

The National Assemby and Restructuring The French Government :: essays research papers

ON WHAT PINCIPLES DID THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SEEK TO RESTRUCTURE FRENCH GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN THE YEARS 1789-91? At the point when the National Assembly settled a prevailing situation in the running of the French state in 1789, they expected to move rapidly to change the old state around them into one that compared to the political perspectives held inside the new Assembly individuals. A ‘principle’ or beginning from which all renovating could take structure from, and that would legitimize the activities of the Assembly to the individuals as they started reproducing the state into a ‘ uniform, decentralized, delegate and helpful system’ was required. The inquiry being posed is for us to characterize this rule utilized by the Assembly to rebuild French society and government, an inquiry that must be replied by contemplating the revelations of the Assembly to find where they pronounce the fundamental standards of their new framework straightforwardly in an offer to legitimize further activities. At the point when the recently accumulated individuals from the National Assembly met on the regal tennis court on the twentieth June 1789, they announced a promise that should have been recognized as the ‘Tennis court oath.’ This pledge was to never rest until they ‘provided France with a constitution,’ a basses that the Assembly could rebuild France around. Be that as it may, constitutions were new to this time in history and the protected journalists required opportunity to find the craft of getting ready such an archive considering the absence of information they had in the field. They may have been helped by data from the ongoing occasions in America and the advantages from contemplating their new American Constitution, yet the Assembly despite everything required chance to guarantee achievement, and this implied they required a transitory base of standards to work from. The beginning stage throughout the entire existence of the Assembly’s activities to change France can be found in the fourth August ‘ August Decrees.’ The Assembly had drawn up this arrangement of standards after the weight made by the Great Fear had constrained move to be made for the security of French society. The get together had needed to quiet down the laborer ascending in the nation and at the time this implied canceling the primitive framework, a framework that stayed nearby the shoulders of the lower class mass. This activity would give the nation an opportunity from individual subjugation alongside the expulsion of the contribution that limited the proletariat from everyday.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

HR - Essay Example 13 Marchington, M., Wilkinson, An., and Sargeant, M. 2002. Individuals Management and Development: Human Resource Management at Work. London: CIPD Publishing. 13 Mayock, P. 2011. 28 accepted procedures for lodging administrators. [online] Hotel News Now. Accessible at http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Article/5800/28-accepted procedures for-lodging administrators [Accessed 19 October 2013]. 14 McKay, M. n.d. What Is the HR Business Partner Model? [online] Chron. Accessible at [Accessed 19 October 2013]. 14 Price Waters Cooper. 2011. Mutual assistance communities: openings and difficulties in HR change. [online] Price Waters Cooper. Accessible at http://www.pwc.ch/user_content/supervisor/documents/publ_hrs/pwc_shared_service_centres_hr_exec_summ_e.pdf Accessed 19 October 2013]. 14 Reilly, P. 2000. HR Shared Services and the Realignment of HR. [online] IES. Accessible at [Accessed 19 October 2013]. 14 Reilly, P and Williams, T. 2003. The most effective method to Get Best Value from HR: The S hared Services Option. London: Gower Publishing Ltd. 14 Snell, S and Bohlander, G. ed., 2011. Overseeing Human Resources. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. 14 Snider, M. 2003. Similarity Breeds Success: How to Manage Your Relationship with Your Business Partner. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 15 Story, J. 2002. Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. 15 University of Michigan. 2013. Regulatory Services Transformation Overview Presentation for Shared Services. [online] University of Michigan. Accessible at: http://ast.umich.edu/pdfs/Awareness-Presentation.pdf [Accessed 19 October 2013]. 15 Wenderoth, M. 2009. Change...On the other hand, when there are difficulties confronting the HR division, gainfulness of the business can't be ensured. A portion of the difficulties the HR division can confront incorporate strain with the entrepreneurs, absence of appropriate force stream inside the office. There are a few different ways these difficultie s can be tended to prompting recovering of business gainfulness and accomplishment in its particular area (Snell and Bohlander, 2011). The Snow mountain inn has lodgings and resorts across America, including Canada, United States, Bermuda, Mexico and Barbados. The hotel’s HR office is in emergency. The office duties and tasks are not efficient and organized and there has been strain between the proprietors of the lodging and the HR the board. They have fluctuating points of view and perspectives on how the inn ought to be run. Business pioneers and proprietors have weight with regards to deciding, putting the HR office between a hard rock and a divider. While they have the systems on the best way to accomplish their work, they can't ignore the guidelines from the pioneers and proprietors. This paper will give various suggestions on how the HR the board ought to do to arrange the division, concur with the proprietors and offer duty. This is a human-asset system where the organ ization heads and proprietors cooperate with the HR office.

Legalize Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Sanction Prostitution Essay Sanction Prostitution BY rwl 9680101 Stand-Alone Project, Part A: Select a contemporary legitimate issue examined during this course. Select a theme that intrigues you. Play out the exploration. Prostitution: Ethics to Legitimize the Business Many individuals locate the moral contemplations of capital punishment to be exceptionally disputable. Nonetheless, another exceptionally questionable point is the legitimization of prostitution. Considering my insight regarding this matter and conversing with normal ladies who arent whores, IVe reach the resolution that prostitution ought to be legitimized. The courts and the police have more to battle with than two grown-up eople having consensual sex. Prostitution has a long and intriguing history. Its referenced in various writings and regularly alluded to as the most seasoned calling. To be sure, it has consistently been a typical path for ladies to bring in cash, even in scriptural occasions. It wasnt until Christianity and the Bible denounced prostitution inside versus, for example, Proverbs 23:27-28, For a whore is a profound pit and a wayward spouse is a tight well. Like a criminal she lies in pause, and duplicates the unfaithful among men. Fundamentally, whores were evaded for their debasement of wedded men as an ethical clash. Verifiably, it was entirely expected to exchange ladies for property, joy and utilized as coalitions among nations and realms. An individual can be against prostitution all the person in question needs to, yet the reality remains that prostitution occurred before and will keep on occurring later on. Its a typical demonstration of the genders where organic needs can out way money related expense and cultural standard moral hindrances. The business disapproved of culture would call this gracefully and request and the hands on specialist would consider it a fair days labor for a legit days pay. In any case, it isn't so much that real realms or governments have not perceived prostitution hroughout history, yet apparently they only renamed and Justified it into something real. History likewise advises us that in numerous antiquated societies, female prostitution was an acknowledged calling for some ladies, particularly the individuals who couldn't procure a living some other way spouses murdered in war or passed on from working. It wasnt until the congregation particularly the Christian church concluded that sex was awful and that prostitution turned into a shameful type of work. That being said, here and there, prostitution and massage parlors delighted in changing degrees of acknowledgment in the open eye. A few urban communities and towns had whole shady areas of town where massage parlors were, if not invited, at any rate endured, insofar as the proprietors and the board made their gifts to the nearby law requirement. Along these lines, while carefully unlawful, the multiplication of prostitution empowered police defilement to prosper also. The foundations of prostitution might be more developmental than recently suspected originating from inherited senses of our since a long time ago overlooked family. An investigation was led in University in Singapore which was acknowledged for distribution in the Journal Animal Behavior (Dec, 2007). In his investigation of the macaque monkeys he found that the mount of preparing a male performs on a female preceding a sexual association is identified with the flexibly/request proportion of females per male and guys to females at the hour of the prepping. Heres where that flexibly and request or a fair days labor for a genuine days pay theory becomes an integral factor. Fundamentally, male monkeys particularly lower status ones need to prepare more and longer to get some female activity when there are less females around. Gumert, investigated a wild populace of since quite a while ago followed macaques at TanJung Puting National Park in Indonesia, from 2003 to Dr. Gumert broke down the since quite a while ago followed macaques from 2003 to 2005 situated at 005. the TanJung Putting National Park in Indonesia.

Teaching And Learning Activities Essay Example for Free

Instructing And Learning Activities Essay Presentation There are many instructing and learning exercises which are utilized to accomplish exercise plan points and destinations. The decision will rely on various elements, for example, the area and level of goal. For instance, the most proper exercises to become familiar with an engine ability is through exhibition and individual practice while to pick up information and understanding a talk, bunch discussion and question and answer meetings exercises are increasingly suitable (Reese and Walker p137). Reese and Walker (pg 140) states that Honey and Mumford (1986) distributed the manual of learning styles which distinguished four fundamental learning styles: Activists whom, appreciate the present, similar to the quick experience and react to momentary issues Reflectors whom, want to consider things and investigate all angles before arriving at a resolution. Scholars whom, similar to standards, speculations, models and frameworks. Realists whom search for new thoughts and are quick to try We as educators along these lines need to consider what showing techniques the understudies like, specific in a class which comprises of a blend of activists, reflectors, scholar and logical thinkers. The gathering size is another significant factor to consider while picking a learning movement. Various methodologies/exercises are progressively suitable for various gathering size. At one outrageous a gathering may comprise of just a single understudy. In such conditions strategies, for example, ventures or assignments, and mentoring might be increasingly reasonable while for little gatherings of somewhere in the range of 5 and 20 understudies, a conversation strategy is appropriate. A gathering somewhere in the range of 10 and 20 the methodology frequently embraced is what is customarily called study hall instructing (Reese and Walker pg 137) which comprises of a blend of strategies. Gatherings more noteworthy than 20 understudies, reasonable methodologies could be talk and exhibition. For the most part, understudies learn in various ways: a methodology that is proper to one understudy may not be fitting for another. A few people learn better in a gathering through the collaboration with both the educator and different understudies. We should in this way understand the significance of changing learning exercises for our understudies (Reese and Walker, pg 138). The points and goals of this task are to: a) Review the scope of instructing and learning exercises accessible to advance open access and augmenting investment. Survey the scope of assets accessible inside the association for a chose educational plan zone b) Prepare, utilize and assess one of educating and learning exercises and assets. c) Evaluate one of the exercises chose. d) Analyze the qualities and difficulties of the chose asset and how it has bolstered learning. Educating and Learning Activities As talked about by Petty (pg 15) there are two ways to deal with control the selection of exercises, the memory aide EDUCARE (table 1.1) and CIA (table 1.2). Educare is an appropriate guide when learning is centered around obtaining explicit abilities though CIA is an increasingly roundabout way to deal with masterminding adjusted practice if learning isn't centered around getting explicit aptitudes. EDUCARE E Clarification, understudy needs to comprehend why the aptitude is required D Doing-Detail by means of showing or contextual analysis, for instance U Use, practice expertise C Check and right practice A Helper memoire, understudy requires update for instance notes, gift R Audit and reuse, of prior work with the goal that old learning isn't overlooked E Assessment. Table 1.1 (Petty, pg15) CIA C Content, Clarify subject substance to a fitting profundity and broadness I Thoughts, Determine substance primary: ideas, factors, proof, perspectives and so forth A Exercises, Create questions and exercises where understudies must dissuade the key thoughts Table 1.1 (Petty, pg 357) I apply the two methodologies relying upon the branch of knowledge, in certain occasions EDUCARE might be an increasingly reasonable guide for a theme in science though CIA is appropriate for a subject in science. For the preparation part of my activity the CIA approach is increasingly proper on the grounds that the students educating are not obtaining explicit aptitudes. My present job at Thermo Electron Corporation includes preparing customers on how use modern types of gear and train science classes and help science classes willfully at St Helens College. The instructional courses runs for 2 days 09:00 to 16:30 at regular intervals. The quantity of customers go somewhere in the range of 5 and 12 with various logical foundations and different degrees of involvement in the types of gear. The following instructional meeting will be on April 25th and 26th for 8 customers. The all out number of preparing hours is 15. I have a reference booklet from the previous coach which I follow for each instructional meeting. The instructional meetings includes sound, visual and kinaesthetic educating styles. I use OHP, freebees and showings. The natural science and physiology course span is four months (from January 2006 to May 2006). The science are 3 hours in the nighttimes, 5 understudies altogether of blended sexual orientation, matured 16-19, and all understudies are presently utilized by United Utilities and gone ahead the seminar on day discharge premise from their managers. Their principle explanation behind being on the course is for capability purposes to improve vocation possibilities and the suggestion by their boss. The physiology classes are 3 hours of the week, 18 understudies altogether, blended sex and age ranges 16-19. Most are directly from optional school others are rehashing the units. I right now help the mentor to set-up viable meeting. The educating and learning exercises (especially in a study hall condition) that I use so as to advance open access and energize investment incorporate Ice-breakers, bunch exercises (games, tests), meetings to generate new ideas and conversations. The ice-breakers and casual acquaintances permits students with know one another and for the most part uncover what the students bring to the gathering, for example, questions, understanding (fortunate or unfortunate, individual and scholastic), and changed degrees of information regarding the matter. The exercises I utilize all the more habitually are bunch exercises. I split the gathering into 2 or 3 gathering (contingent upon action and the no. of participants) to do coordinating games, electronic games or to participate in a test. Coordinating cards game. The greatest number of understudies on the night natural science course is five, consequently they all work in a gathering. I plan two arrangements of cards, one set with question and the other set with answers. During the injuries the understudies are advised to orchestrate the seating in order to work in a group. They are then given the cards are given a timeframe in which to finish the undertaking. Electronic games. The understudies work exclusively. Before the exercise I examine subject-related game on the web. The last game found had a game show type subject, who needs to be a mogul type position. The more inquiries you answer accurately the closer the odds of winning à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1Million! Class Quiz The class is masterminded again in a game show setting, split into two gatherings. The group that offers the most noteworthy number of responses accurately dominates the match. These exercises demonstrate good for the understudies, it makes the learning procedure fun and fascinating, simultaneously reassuring collaboration and interest. The gathering exercises additionally offers me the chance to watch social association; study students relationship with each other; increase an understanding to their character and; recognize sure, hesitant, predominant and calmer characters. I would reuse this strategy as it is a powerful learning technique. Despite the fact that the exercises have demonstrated fruitful there are territories of progress. Such presenting increasingly various sorts of games; setting assignments so that at the correct level for all understudies; setting various errands for various understudies; extending exercises for understudies/bunches whom finish early; check understudies work by moving efficiently round the class; investigating their shoulders and perhaps; asking understudies to self-check or friend check. For undertakings, for example, the Matching cards game it guarantees that nobody is finishing the errands mistakenly, and would permit the coach to deal with the assignments all the more viably (Petty, pg 170). Assets An asset, as characterized by Reece and Walker is a help to showing techniques which helps learning. The assets I regularly use to introduce materials and instruct are WB, freebees, OHP, and the Internet. Aside the Whiteboard, the asset I utilize regularly are freebees (see joined case of my exercise plan). The gifts are circulated toward the beginning of the exercise. The freebees are blends of worksheets and data gifts. They incorporate content, Q A segments and graphs from the web or/and reading material applicable to the subject for that meeting. The worksheets (inadequate freebees) have holes which the understudies are relied upon to fill-in during the exercise and on events complete for schoolwork The wellspring of graphs and messages are constantly referenced, for duplicate compose purposes and to empower the understudy do possess inquire about/study. The outlines are bright delineations; and the content is regularly imprinted on shaded paper so as to separate between various angles. The understudies are talked through the freebees and asked to answer the inquiries or fill-in the holes independently (sporadically in gatherings). I discover this asset an extremely powerful visual guide for learning; it is straightforward, to the point and intriguing. The principle focal points of visual guides as talked about by Petty may be; they gain consideration; they mix it up and premium; they help conceptualisation, numerous thoughts are seen outwardly as opposed to verbally; they help memory, I find that the understudies find visual data simpler to recollect than verbal data and in conclusion; they give you give it a second thought, going to inconvenience of getting ready visual guides shows understudies you pay attention to their learning. The assets shortcoming then again is that the student tends not to peruse the gifts tha

Does This Add Value to My Life

Does This Add Value to My Life I don’t own many thingsâ€"but everything I own adds value to my life. Each of my belongingsâ€"my kitchenware, furniture, clothes, carâ€"functions either as a tool or adds positive aesthetic value to my life; that is, as a minimalist, every possession serves a purpose or brings me joy. Over time, though, situations’ll changeâ€"they always do. So I’m forced to ask the same important question over and over and over again: Does this thing add value to my life? In other words: does it serve a purpose or bring me joy? And it’s not just material possessions at which I posit this query: I ask it in regard to relationships, social media, and any other potentially superfluous matters in life. I constantly ask this question because circumstances constantly change: because something adds value to my life today doesn’t mean it’ll add value to my life tomorrow, so I keep asking and I keep adjusting accordingly. Does This Add Value? is an excerpt from Everything That Remains.

How Hispanics In The United States Of America Are Discriminated - 550 Words

How Hispanics In The United States Of America Are Discriminated (Essay Sample) Content: Students Name Professor Course Date Hispanic Discrimination in the United States Hispanic discrimination is the kind of bias and unfair treatment that descents of people from the Latin America and Spain are predisposed to merely because of their races or ethnicity in the United States. Approximately six-in-ten Hispanics (62%) talk about racial inequality often in their conversations (Reimers 572). Notably, more than half of the Hispanic people in the United States have endured discrimination as per the recent 2016 Research Centre Survey. Arguably, it is an issue rooted from fears by White America that such small communities have the capability of dominating and taking over their economy and political command. Interestingly, the elephant in the room has attracted hot debates and media has predisposed the matter in recent years aiming at the creation of awareness (Reimers 575). Critically analyzed evidence has proved that discrimination is a generational predicament that consistently disadvantaging the Hispanic and requires prompt intervention and action. Firstly, the Hispanic Americans undergo discrimination due to the assumption that they have illegally migrated into the United States. This is because a significant proportion of Hispanics are illegal migrants about 11 million (Ramirez 577). Despite the fact that the biggest percentage of Hispanic have legal residency in the United States the reality of illegal migrants haunts most if not all the Hispanic people. It is for this reason they are stigmatized and barely esteemed. For example in terms of ideas’ sharing and wage employment, the Hispanics never get credit and stagnate in their lives. Most of the white Americans fail to recognize the potential of the Hispanic Americans because of discriminating them. For instance, when it comes to employment, the white Americans are given first priority while the rest of the populations are hardly recognized. The second key root of Hispanic discrimination is the language barrier of the Hispanic Americans. Some Hispanics are only conversant with their native language which has posed a threat to the White Americans, as they fear that the English native language may eventually get wiped out. Additionally, to counteract this, the White Americans have come up with policies that will ensure that all residents in the United States learn English. This reason has necessitated the Hispanics to adopt the English learning system where they will pick up and absorb the English language (Ortiz, Vilma, and Edward 47). This factor has enhanced discrimination in the United States whereby the native White American feels the pressure to formulate policies that keep them in domination. The most common form of Hispanic discrimination in US includes education discrimination, housing discrimination, healthcare inequalities, and many others. Education discrimination is evident whereby the Hispanics have lower education levels going by the United States standards as compared to the White Americans (Ortiz, Vilma, and Edward 49). This majorly stems from Hispanics Americans being stigmatized from the point of being a minority racial group, which has a negative consequence on the receiving end. Discrimination in education may lead to low self-esteem and depression to a learner, and consequently, poor academic performance. Moreover, education discrimination is well demonstrated by Krista, Jens, and Gustavo who states that, â€Å"School segregation has been widespread, historically and in contemporary periods. Dating back evidence shows that Mexicans were sent to separate and inferior schools.† This example, therefore, demonstrates that Hispanic discrimination is in ex istence and its impacts on the lives on Hispanics are of a precarious nature. Housing discrimination is another dire factor which has made it rough for Hispanics. This results from the inability of Hispanics to justify their income levels as well as their sources. This is because they barely get nice paying jobs due to the stereotypes and stigmatization. In this case, the Hispanics are charged higher security deposits than the White Americans. In other adverse cases, some landlords decline to refund the Hispanic tenants their higher security deposits. In addition, there are those that evict the Hispanics from their houses due to late payments. These instances illustrate that Hispanics experience discrimination in the United States where they are stereotyped to an extent that these barriers limit progress in their whole lives. Unemployment is another diff...

Philosophy Of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 873 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: John Locke Essay Did you like this example? Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two of the most influential philosophical andpolitical thinkers of the seventeenth-century. Hobbes and Locke had different ideas on how torun a country and had different views on the natural state of human beings. Hobbes believed thata commonwealth ruled by a sovereign was the only way to run a successful government, while Locke was a defender of moderate liberty and toleration. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Philosophy Of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes" essay for you Create order Both of these have been utilizedthroughout history, sometimes to great effect and other times to the downfall of a nation. Hobbesand Locke were both influenced by the likes of Renà © Descartes and Galileo, and bothincorporated other peoples ideas to formulate their own opinions and thoughts. To this day, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke have been influential in shaping the way the world thinks aboutphilosophy and politics.Thomas Hobbes was an urbane and much-traveled man who supported the scientificmovement. His first published work was the first English translation of Thucydides History ofthe Peloponnesian War. Hobbes viewed humans as self-centered creatures who lacked a master, which derived from Thucydides historical analysis. According to Hobbes, human beings areinclined to a perpetual and restless desire for power. He thought that since all people want andpossess a natural right to everything, this equality breeds enmity, competition, diffidence, andperpetual quarreling. His influential work, Leviathan, published in 1651, provided philosophicaljustification for a strong central political authority. To Hobbes, the original human state is one ofnatural, inevitable conflict in which safety does not exist. Hobbes believed that life in this stateof war was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short and that the only way humans could escapethis was to enter a political contract. This contract was to agree to live in a society that is tightly ruled by a recognized sovereign. The agreement obliged every person to agree to set asidepersonal rights to all things and to live by a version of the golden rule, Do not that to anotherwhich you would not have done to yourself. Additionally, this contract allowed the use of forceby the sovereign to compel compliance. Hobbes did not care whether this was a monarchy or alegislative body, but once one was chosen, it could not be appealed. Hobbes was met with muchcriticism, but his political views sparked conversations about government that had not been hadbefore this time period. John Locke was a highly intellectual person who was well-read in all the majorseventeenth-century natural philosophers. He was a defender of the rights of the people againstrulers who thought their power absolute and had Puritan sympathies. In 1690, he published twotreatises that detailed his views on government. His First Treatise of Government rejected arguments for absolute government that based political authority on the patriarchal model. HisSecond Treatise of Government presented an argument for a government that must be bothresponsible for and responsive to the concerns of the governed. Unlike Hobbes, Locke sawhumans in their natural state as creatures of reason and goodwill. Locke believed that humansshould have the natural rights of life, liberty, and property in an unregulated manner. He believedthat humans possess a capacity for living peacefully before they enter a political contract. Lockesaid that the state of human nature is a condition of competition and modest conflict that requiresa political authority to sort out problems rather than impose authority. His government isobviously one of limited authority, and the people reserve the right to replace their politicalauthority if the need arises. Although, Locke did not defend religious toleration among all Christians. Government-imposed religious uniformity could not achieve real religious ends because Locke thought that religious truth must be freely given. Nonetheless, he did not extendtoleration to Roman Catholics, who he believed gave allegiance to a foreign prince (the pope), non-Christians, or atheists in his Letter Concerning Toleration (1689). John Locke established afoundation for the future extension of toleration, religious liberty, and the separation of churchand state.Hobbes and Locke differ on almost every single view and topic related to politics duringthis time. However they have one major similarity: they both believed that all humans arenaturally equal. Religious beliefs aside, both Hobbes and Locke truly thought that everyone intheir natural form was equal. Even with that similarity, Hobbes and Locke were perceived asvastly different. Locke was met with universal praise because his views pleased the people of Europe (despite the religious intolerance), and his political ideals were very similar to manyother countries during this time period. Hobbes, on the other hand, was criticized severely byMonarchists and Republicans alike. Monarchists objected to his willingness to assign sovereignauthority to a legislature. Republicans rejected his willingness to accept a monarc hical authority.Many Christians criticized his materialist arguments for an absolute political authority. Other Christian writers attacked his refusal to recognize the authority of either God or the church asequal or above the sovereign ruler. This meant that Hobbes had little immediate impact, howeverhis ideas have influenced philosophical literature from the late seventeenth-century to this day.Thomas Hobbes and John Locke have been monumental in shaping modern politics sincethe seventeenth-century, and their impact can still be felt today. They were vastly different interms of views and beliefs, but both had the same goal in the end: to create a better government.Whether or not they succeeded remains to be seen, but they put the world on the right track.

Intelligence Sharing And The Capabilities Of The Homeland...

Intelligence Sharing and the Capability of the Homeland Security Enterprise What are the capabilities and limitations of intelligence in supporting homeland security efforts? Since the deadly terror attacks of 9/11, intelligence gathering for homeland security has improved immensely. One of the most important developments in our law-enforcement structure that has enhanced our intelligence is the creation of fusion centers. Fusion centers are â€Å"state and major urban area focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering, and sharing of threat-related information between federal; state, local, tribal, territorial (SLTT); and private sector partners† (Department of Homeland Security, 2016). These fusion centers are owned and operated by state and local entities and are supported by federal partners in its many aspects which include personnel deployment, capacity building, and important and crucial connectivity to federal systems (Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), 2012, para. 3). For example, the DHS provides over 70 fusion centers access to the Homeland Secure Data Network or HSDN which allows these fusion centers to receive federally generated classified threat information. By creating fusion centers, intelligence gathering and analysis is not contained in the federal level—governments from the SLTT level as well as other entities relevant to this initiatives are involved. This then devolves and shares homeland security roles to practically all law enforcers from all levelsShow MoreRelatedFusion Centers And The Interagency Threat Assessment And Coordination Group853 Words   |  4 Pagesby the Department of Homeland security in hopes of improving information sharing amongst both Federal, State, Local and tribal law enforcement agencies. The attacks of 9/11 proved that intelligence capabilities and willingness to share information lacked greatly. These programs were developed to hopefully counter that issue. The use of fusion cells started off with hesitation and complications initially. However, the use of fusion cells are absolutely critical to the sharing of information betweenRead MoreIntelligence, Terrorism, And Terrorism1481 Words   |   6 PagesIntroduction Homeland security is all about ensuring the safety and security of the United States (U.S.) and its citizens. It was apparent that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were lack of intelligence. Since then, the U.S. has given great emphasis of intelligence to prevent terrorist events such as 9/11 from happening again. Homeland security has emplaced variety of efforts in order for the U.S. to address safety and security issues as well as in addressing the ever-growing threats of terrorismRead MoreDifferent Elements That Compromise The Intelligence Communities ( Ic ) From Local Law Enforcement Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will analyze the different elements that compromise the intelligence communities (IC) from local law enforcement to national agencies and how each of those entities contributes to security intelligence. Secondly, this paper will evaluate the lessons learned from the attacks of 9/11. Lastly, the issues of domestic intelligence vs. foreign intelligence w ill be examined. Intelligence-led policing along with other various initiatives is a newly developed style of investigation strategy. ThisRead MoreThe Position Of Director Of National Intelligence1368 Words   |  6 PagesNational Intelligence (DNI) was created under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). The position of DNI replaced the Director of the Central Intelligence (DCI) as the senior intelligence official, head of the intelligence community’s 16 agencies, and principal intelligence advisor to the President of the United States (POTUS) and the National Security Council (NSC). The DNI has several duties and responsibilities, but for the subject of improving intelligence informationRead MoreStrengthening The Homeland Security Enterprise Through Intelligence Reform And Integration7443 Words   |  30 PagesStrengthening the Homeland Security Enterprise through Intelligence Reform and Integration Kevin Weston HM598: Applied Research Project Capstone Professor: Mary Lannon 15 June 2015 Abstract On September 11, 2001 Al Qaeda operatives executed a violent and lethal terrorist attack against the United States. The attacks against the north and south towers of the World Trade Center, United Airlines flight 93, and the Pentagon, have collectively been deemed the deadliest terrorist attackRead MoreThe Position Of Director Of National Intelligence1669 Words   |  7 Pagesof National Intelligence (DNI) was created under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). The position of DNI replaced the Director of the Central Intelligence (DCI) as the senior intelligence official, head of the intelligence community’s 16 agencies, and principal intelligence advisor to the President of the United States (POTUS) and the National Security Council (NSC). The IRTPA of 2004, also established the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) asRead MoreU.s. Federal Department Of Homeland Security1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe idea of the establishmen t of the Department of Homeland Security evolved into the biggest U.S. government reorganization in American history. Prior to the establishment of the Department, Americans increasingly became concerned about terrorism on our soil. This concern was triggered by the World Trade Center bombing in 1993, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 as well as the discovery of a bomb at the Atlanta Olympics in 1994. Additionally, it became more apparent to the Americans that terrorismRead MoreNational Intelligence Reform And Terrorism Prevention Act Of 20041659 Words   |  7 PagesHomeland Security is the intersection of evolving threats and hazards with traditional government and its responsibilities for civil defense emergency response law enforcement, customs border control and immigration. Moreover, the term â€Å"enterprise† is a national effort that refers to the collective efforts and shared responsibilities of federal, state local, tribal, territorial, nongovernmental and private- sector partners as well as individuals ( U.S. Department of Homland Security, 2010). SinceRead MoreThe Department of Homeland Security782 Words   |  3 PagesThe Department of Homeland Security (DHS) covers a variety of topics including: academic engagement, border security, citizenship and immigration services, civil rights and civil liberties, cybersecurity, disasters, economic security, homeland security enterprise, human trafficking, immigration enforcement, international engagement, working with law enforcement, preventing terrorism, and transportation security (Homeland Security, g). DHS works with all law enforcement partners at federal, stateRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security991 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Considering the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)has only initiated actions in 2003, it has performed necessary security procedures and accomplished significant purposes and breakthroughs. As DHS progresses to grow, more activity predominates for them to address weaknesses in its current operational strategy. Implementation efforts are in place to strengthen the efficiency and to integrate its management areas (acquisitions, financial management, human capital, and information technology)

The Music Of Charley Patton - 938 Words

John Fahey’s 1966 masters thesis A textual and musicological analysis of the repertoire of Charley Patton has the distinction of being the first book-length analysis of the music of Charley Patton. Fahey’s text focused primarily on assembling the historical facts of Patton’s life, while the analytical portions —written with the aid of Dr. David Morton, UCLA —-focused on systematizing Patton’s repertoire based on modal constructs present in his vocal melodies. Fahey’s biographical information focused on characterizing Patton as an entertainer; However, the analytical portion omits significant lines of inquiry that result in an incomplete picture of Patton’s repertoire. Fahey notes the utilitarian function of Patton’s music, but does not detail musical examples of this utility, especially in relation to the guitar. That is the purpose of this document. The music of Charley Patton reflects the utilitarian function of it with in his life: music functioned as his main source of income. Patton was an entertainer; as such, he needed a vast amount of material to fill time in the venues he performed in. Consequently, his surviving recorded repertoire makes extensive use of formulas in the guitar accompaniment and vocal melodies. The use of formula is so frequent in Patton’s music that, instead of culling material from contemporary musicians (an accepted practice among blues musicians) he preferred to borrow from his own repertoire. Moreover, the formulas present in the guitarShow MoreRelatedMississippi History and the Delta Blues Essay686 Words   |  3 Pagesstyle music originated in Mississippi and gravitated outward from there. .Mississippi history and Blues history are intertwined. Delta Blues is a blues style that originated in the Mississippi Delta and influenced many musicians. Another musical art form, Jazz may be considered an offspring from the Blues and also started in the South. There are many Blues musicians and singers that come from Mississippi or have become linked to Mississippi for various reasons. Bessie Smith, Charley Patton, MuddyRead MoreThe Music Style Of The Blues1129 Words   |  5 PagesThe music style known as the Blues emerged in the American South during the 1890s. It drew on a mix of many African-American music styles with others. Some of the styles it drew upon include African-American spirituals, traditional songs, European hymns, folk ballads, work songs and hollers, and contemporary dance music. By the 1910s, the time period when the first recorded blues were published as sheet music, the blues had taken the form that is recognized today; the 12 bar blues form.(Shmoop) Read MoreEssay about Genre History: Blues680 Words   |  3 PagesGenre History: Blues The musical genre of blues is one that has continued to be a prolific style of music for many years. The blues began as working songs and field hollers sung by African American slave communities, beginning in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s. The blues genre has since become a major influence on other developing genres. Most modern genres can be traced back to the genre, originating in the deep south of the United States. The musical style of blues is very distinct, and isRead MoreThe Origins Of Rock And Roll1090 Words   |  5 Pagesorigins of the genre of Rock and Roll. The origin, even though many historians have attempted to determine exactly where it came from, is still unknown. Rock and Roll is a blend of Gospel, Jazz, Blues, Hillbilly, Rhythm and Blues and many more types of music. Throughout this essay I will try and determine if the statement first mentioned is an accurate statement, and why or why not? I am going to start off by talking about some of the genres Rock and Roll originated from. First I will talk about BluesRead MoreAnalyzing Blues Music1765 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves on the piano. Eventually blues (or blues-based music) was played by string bands, jazz bands, rock bands and even orchestras. The pioneering African-American blues composer and musicologist W.C. Handy (author of St. Louis Blues) recalled hearing a solitary singer playing the guitar at a railroad station in Tutwiler, MS, in 1903, while singing Yellow Dog Blues, which Handy who had never known of the blues before called the weirdest music I had ever heard. Handy noted that the singer repeatedRead More Ragtime Essay examples850 Words   |  4 PagesLouisiana at this time there was music everywhere. Ragtime bands and marching bands were joining together. Mexican bands were also and influence especially in the way the trumpets and horns were played. All this merging of different band sounds was important in the creation of jazz. Eventually the instruments used in marching bands crossed over into jazz instruments. The drums and clarinet filled in for the marching band instruments. New Orleans was such a melting pot for music and culture but it was alsoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1074 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience. Some of the changes include the music score, and Jay Gatsby’s ending, and the character Nick Carraway’s situation. Along with the differences, there are still major scenes that are almost literally theme same as the novel such as the throwing of the shirts scene and the eyes of Dr. TJ Eckleburg. It is the combination of the two aspects that develop and enhance the film and novel relationship. The first difference between the novel and the film is the music score. Though the novel does not haveRead MoreBlues and Jazz Influence Paper1698 Words   |  7 Pages The Influence of 1920 Blues and Jazz on Modern Music Mark Carter The Influence of 1920 Blues and Jazz on Modern Music This paper is will try to show how the music that started with singing of old songs by the slaves to influences the music that the world listens to today. Shaping the music of Rock and Roll, Country and Western, and Easy Listening that influences every aspect of society’s everyday life are Blues and Jazz. In an interview many years ago on television, heard by thisRead MoreRock N Roll At The Appearance Of Elvis1954 Words   |  8 Pagesideas subjected to individual talents, shared commonalities, and in the worst cases our humanistic atrocities in the treatment of each other. Somehow it was all of these elements in combination and at the opportune that created not just a new genre of music but a historical backdrop for both political and social change in America and the world. A removal of any one element from rock n roll s historical past whether its diversity, economic, or civil structures could call into question its existence orRead MoreNo Robert Johnson, N o Rock And Roll1999 Words   |  8 PagesNo Robert Johnson, No Rock and Roll In about 1903 the blues were slowly becoming popular in Texas. Blues music came from African American slaves who were trying to escape from slavery (PBS). The music originally came from the Mississippi River. The south was home to many blues-man who helped make the blues become more popular. Today the blues music differs from the music back in the 1800 s, there are many different types of blues today (â€Å"A Brief History of the Blues†). The tunes of Robert Johnson

Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten - 2058 Words

Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who developed an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education. He established kindergarten and education for four and five-year-old children. Kindergarten is now a part of education worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the small town of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His mother died when he was a baby. His father remarried, but Froebel never liked his stepmother. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life. This had a strong effect on his theory of early childhood education. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving, kind and motherly. Froebel also had an unsatisfactory relationship†¦show more content†¦This word expressed Froebel’s vision for early childhood education: â€Å"Children are like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in the community of peers† (Smith, 1999,  ¶ 6). He used play, s ongs, stories, and activities to establish an educational environment in which children, by their own activity, could learn and develop. According to Froebel, this meant that children, in their development, would learn to follow the â€Å"divinely established laws of human growth through their own activity† (Net Industries, 2008, Biography section,  ¶ 5). This is where he used his kindergarten gifts and occupations. â€Å"Gifts were objects Froebel believed had special symbolic potential. Occupations were the raw materials children could use in drawing and building activities that allowed them to concretize their ideas† (Gutek, 2005, p. 265). Froebel became famous as an early childhood educator in Germany and by 1848, forty-four kindergartens were operating in Germany. Froebel began training young women as kindergarten teachers. Kindergarten achieved its greatest influence in the United States. It was brought to America by the Germans after the European Revolution of 1848. Kindergartens appeared wherever there was a large concentration of German immigrants. Henry Barnard, the first United States Commissioner of Education, introduced Froebel’s kindergarten into educational literature in theShow MoreRelated Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Essay example1538 Words   |  7 PagesFriedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Friedrich August Wilhelm Froebel was born in Oberweissback, Germany in April 21, 1782 (Ransbury, 1995). He was the sixth child of a Lutheran Minister, but lost his mother before his first birthday. As a young boy, he played and explored in the gardens surrounding his home most of the time. His deep love of nature would later influence his educational philosophy. He did not become educated until age eleven. When he was fifteen years old, he was apprenticedRead MoreEducation : The United States1654 Words   |  7 Pageshappening as well. There was a German educator named Friedrich Froebel who was very critical in emerging an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education and instituting the kindergarten. He became to develop that that education started in infancy, Froebel then began to see mothers as the ideal first teachers of humanity. Women, he believed, were best-suited to nurture children and became the Kindergartners teachers for his schools. Froebel also offered the first significant careers for womenRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching And Learning1603 Words   |  7 Pagesthat competition is good for students. He believed competition created productive children and served as motivation. Friedrich Froebel was the kindergarten founder so to speak. I agree with him on his ideas about hands-on learning. He used activities such as games, playtime, songs, storytelling, and crafts to enhance the learning environment. This is still much like our kindergartens today. Some of my own key beliefs in education include social development, intellectual development, and moral developmentRead MoreComparative Analysis of the Purpose of8067 Words   |  33 PagesA Comparative Analysis of the Purpose of Kindergarten in Finland and Ontario, Canada The theories of Friedrich Froebel, the founder of kindergarten have influenced kindergartens in several regions including in Finland and Ontario, Canada. The kindergarten program in Finland is one of envy as it contributes the nation’s successful educational system. Kindergarten in Finland is a free service available to all children, which is similar to Ontario, Canada’s program which is also free to childrenRead MoreEymp 15616 Words   |  23 Pageset al, 2011). â€Å"Friedrich Froebel  (1782-1852), the great German educator, is famous pre-eminently for his radical insight that the first learning experiences of the very young are of crucial importance in influencing not only their later educational achievements but also the health and development of society as a whole† (Weston, 1998). Friedrich Froebel had the idea that children learn best through play and by having real experiences and from these theories he was the founder of the first everRead MoreYouth Development Programs4107 Words   |  17 Pagesdevelopment–contributed to the growing belief that, with appropriate nurturing, children could be molded into successful adults. As a result, childhood began to be viewed as a particularly critical point in human development. Friedrich Froebel (1782–1852), the German educator and founder of the kindergarten movement, encouraged this viewpoint and contended that children required special preparation for adulthood, as well as opportunities for recreation and play. The publication of American psychologist and educatorRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pagesthe Fathers of Confederation. I also wanted school based in the Froebel philosophy. Friedrich to incorporate play-based activities that would help Froebel, best known as the founder of kindergarten, them develop a deeper understanding of these believed that play is critical for healthy child develop- early Canadians. ment. Below, Debra explains how she incorporates the â€Å"As part of the unit, students were required to use Froebel methodology into her classroom instruction. their research findings

Meridian Free Essays

To be independent is to be without limitation and free of civilization, all the while, the thought of being free of civilization, without limitation is overwhelmingly wild. In the novel Meridian, by Alice Walker, the short presence of a character addressed as The Wild Child symbolizes the theme of self awareness and pursuing one’s life independently. Alice walker uses the short presence of The Wild Child as an influential factor when developing her main character Meridian. We will write a custom essay sample on Meridian or any similar topic only for you Order Now The use of characters from Meridian’s ancestry, such as Feather Mae (Meridian’s great grandmother) and inanimate objects, such as The Sojourner (tree), further support the theme that The Wild Child represents. Notably, Alice Walker writes her Meridian through a series of flashbacks through third person omnicient narration. The novel opens with Truman Held arriving in Chicokema, Georgia, to meet up with Meridian, his former lover. Meridian is seen escorting a group of children, who were mostly black and impoverished, to an attraction displaying a mummified woman in which they were not permitted to attend. A shift then occurs to a flashback in New York City where Meridian, ten years prior, had not been willing to proclaim that she would kill on behalf of an African American revolutionary organization. Another flashback then occurs to when Meridian had been a child who chose not to accept Jesus into her life despite her mother’s religious devotion, this urges Meridian’s mother to withdraw her love towards her daughter. The novel continues to shift unravelling a countless number of memories that contributed to the reasoning behind why Meridian resulted to her introverted ways. Meridian seeks guidance and a sense of belonging that she never received from her mother, but finds that traditional paths in life do not provide her any comfort. Instead she cultivates a keen sense of dedication towards the civil rights movement, which gives her drive throughout her young adult years. Meridian endures sexual misfortunes throughout life first as a child, when she becomes pregnant and marries due to her lack of knowledge about sex, and later with older men who take advantage of her low self esteem. Giving up her son, Eddie Jr. , Meridian seeks happiness within the campus of Saxon College where she intially struggles and finds refuge under The Sojourner, a rarely large magnolia tree. This is where she later encounters The Wild Child. The novel concludes with Truman asking Meridian to love him as she once did before he had married Lynn, a white activist for civil rights. Meridian admits her love for Truman has changed and prepares to pick back up her life elsewhere; Truman realizes that he must now take up the internal struggle in which Meridian has finally escaped. Although Meridian began as a shattered individual who struggled throughout much of her life, this is what helps to mold and define the calm, determined person that she ultimately becomes; through the representation and comparison of The Wild Child to Meridian, Meridian’s growth is all the more apparent. Alice Walker creates The Wild Child as almost an eidolon figure, for she is not even given a name. Occupants within the impoverished areas surrounding Saxon College, the school in which Meridian attends, know hardly anything of the mysterious young girl who searches for food in garbage cans and can barely speak any language besides the few swear words she has aquired over the years. Meridian attempts to help the poor child but fails to tame her, which in return plays a large role in The Wild Child’s death. Meridian is much like The Wild Child in regards that she has always stripped her life of outside guidance, close relationships, and comforts (material, mental and physical comforts) as she moves from place to place. As an activist against racism and a person of whom secludes herself from others, Meridian lives as an outcast within society trying to avoid the judgement passed by people, just as The Wild Child does. This shows both Meridian and The Wild Child’s sense of self identity and independence in the way that they realize that they would rather be separated from society and go about things in their own way, the only way that they know. Although The Wild Child makes only a brief appearance within the novel, Alice Walker makes her intentions of this character evident by supporting the theme of self awareness and independence that The Wild Child represents with other characters and objects. Feather Mae, Meridian’s great- grandmother is made out to also be a person of free will, who is far reachinging and of an eccentric nature. Feather Mae is a woman whoabandons all religion not founded on physical ecstasy and later results to worshiping the sun while walking around naked. This is just as Meridian renounced religion at an early age in her life because she had not experienced any type of â€Å"ecstasy† in trying to become devoted to Jesus. Just as The Wild Child lived content in her own ways of surviving, both of these exceptional women, Meridian and Feather Mae, endure life in their own idealistic way. Walker also emphasises the importance of the rather large mangolia tree, The Sojourner, in which Meridian takes refuge through hard times when she intially began college. The tree was rare in itself, being the largest in the country. The Sojourner not only signified the growth of African American people through times of oppression, but it also stood as a souvenir of the past. Like the tree, Meridian is a character who has been around through difficult times and still continues to grow, but Meridian also carries with her guilt and saddness from her past. Although the destruction of The Sojourner later in the novel Walker symbolized the abrupt destruction of ties to racism and ways of the past, it also represented the destruction of Meridian, leaving room for a new part of her to grow and develop more as an individual who can be contempt with who she is in the present, rather that sulk in who she was in the past. As has been noted, Meridian being a novel made up of flashbacks and recollections of the past allowed for Alice Walker to create a character that develops through the influences of her surroundings and other characters. Although The Wild Child plays only a small role in the writing of the novel, her presence is significant, for it shapes the entire meaning of who the main character, Meridian, becomes. The Wild Child also serves to enhance the sense of independence and self awareness that the author tries so strongly to get across. How to cite Meridian, Papers

The Old Man and the Sea free essay sample

This paper analyzes the characters, plot and metaphors in the Hemingway novel. This paper analyzes the Hemingway novels symbolism and metaphors as they relate to a fisherman?s hardships in overcoming adversities in one?s own life. Many of the objects, people, and places mentioned in The Old Man and the Sea contain another meaning. Santiagos sail, for instance, was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat? (p.9). Many of the other fishermen looked upon Santiago and his sail as a reminder of failure. Santiago was wrinkled and has worked almost to the point of wearing out, like the old sail. He did not catch a fish in eighty-five days, as well, which seemed like he is defeated and his fishing days are over. However, the sail worked despite its appearance, perhaps similarly to Santiago himself. Neither the man nor the sail gave up or showed any sign of giving in, regardless of their tired state. Santiago is patient, and waits for the fish to come get tired, and come up on his own. Santiago realizes that this may last a long time, so he put the line across his shoulders for a better grip. This was not a comfortable position for Santiago, but he ore with It. Santiago Is In physical pain, he spends three days in an uncomfortable position, and his hands get cuts all over them. HIS left hand gets a cramp which seems to refuse to leave. The strength of the fish would cause the old man to fall In painful and uneasy positions: He had been pulled down tight on to the bow and his face was in the cut slice of dolphin and he could not move. This physical struggle exhausted Santiago, and the weather alongside with the fact that Santiago hadnt come prepared were not helping. He was not only physically drained out, but also morally.Santiago struggle is not only physical, but moral too. It could be perceived as a personal Journey, as an inner struggle. From the way the author describes Santiago, we can deduce that he is a confident, determined and strong old man. As we get deeper into the story, we realize that this is true, but that Santiago holds nevertheless a certain weakness to him, and that he has to struggle with himself to stay strong. The following quote is a good example of this: I am not good for many more turns. Yes you are, he told himself. You are good forever. The weaker side of Santiago wants to give up; he doesnt have faith In himself, but then the stronger, more determined Santiago steps in to keep him going. Another example of an inner struggle is towards he end of the novel, when Santiago finishes fighting the sharks. He knows they have beaten him, yet he says: And what beat you, he thought. Nothing, he said aloud. l went too far. Santiago constantly contradicts himself, creating his small struggles. During this Journey, Santiago experiences different odds, and different states of mind.He is brought to new levels and he is psychologically challenged, and even though he is troubled, and in pain, we are able to see his gentle side, through his love of nature. Through the journey, we see Santiago closeness to nature. It allows us to see how much he really loves the creatures, and how much he respects them. We see this more precisely through the way he calls the fish his Brother and friend. He even says: Fish, I love you and respect you very much. Furthermore, his gentleness comes out when he talks to the mall bird: How old are you?Is this your first trip? he wants it to be safe, and Santiago love as well as respect for nature from the way he talks about other element in nature, such as the sea, or the wind: He always thought of her as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. He compares it to a woman, and describes it using adjectives such as kind and beautiful. Later on in the novel, he talks about the wind, saying: The wind is our friend. As before mentioned, Santiago loves and respects nature. His closeness to nature is one that many few of us have. He not only uses it for the pleasure, but for survival. He counts on it to help him in everything he does. In summary, the Journey is important in this novel as it is thanks to it that we see Santiago evolve as a character. We see him in every state: confident, gentle, strong, weak, determined and defeated. In effect, this Journey allows the plot to be more exciting to the character, at the same time showing the importance of nature to Santiago, but also to the novel itself.

A Blessing in Disguise. Essay free essay sample

As we started getting closer to Colorado I started seeing snow on the side of the road and began fantasizing about shredding down the mountain on my board. I couldn’t wait to launch off the huge jumps I had heard about and try new tricks. I day dreamed for the rest of the car ride, not responding to anyone or anything. The car stopped, but I was still day dreaming and didn’t notice until my sister slammed the car door. When I got out of the car I was immediately in awe of how nice the cabin was that we were staying at. I pushed my sister out of the way and quickly ran to go find the best room in the house. After I got all of my luggage in the room, I looked out the window and saw that the cabin was directly on one of the ski runs. We will write a custom essay sample on A Blessing in Disguise. Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This meant that I could go out the back door and be on the slopes. No walking, no lines, and no carrying my gear from the parking lot to the mountain. Once everyone got situated we put on our snow jackets, pants, gloves, and boots, then hit the slopes. The snow was powdery and perfect; I glided down the mountain effortlessly like I was floating on a cloud. This was the first time I had ever snowboarded on such good snow and couldn’t wait to see the rest of the mountain. I had heard about one part of the mountain where there were a bunch of jumps and rails to grind on. I had been on jumps before, but these were like nothing I had ever seen before. I sat at the top of the mountain looking down at the humongous jumps and then decided to take the plunge. I flew down the mountain, not holding back anything; I got up to top speed right as I hit the beginning of the jump. I launched off it like a jet taking off for flight. I turned my body in the air and did a backflip, a trick that took many years to master. I had performed so many backflips that it was second nature, but I got so much air from this jump that I decided mid air to go for a second rotation. That’s right, a double backflip. However, I had misjudged how high up I was and slammed head first into the ground. I laid on the ground shocked with my eyes closed trying to comprehend what had just happened. A guy snowboarding by saw the whole thing happen and yelled â€Å"nice air bro†, sarcastically. When I finally opened my eyes, there were five or six people standing around me. One of the men got down on one knee and said, â€Å"my name is john; I’m a doctor and everything going to be okay. What’s your name? † At this point I was still a little confused as to what happened, but I replied, â€Å"Michael† Finally I realized I had just fallen about ten to fifteen feet directly onto my head. â€Å"Can you see straight; is anything blurry? † asked john. â€Å"Are your fingers or toes tingling? † I responded with a simple â€Å"yes. † John replied, â€Å"Okay, stay laying down and try not to move. We sent for help, the ski patrol are on their way. † The ski patrol arrived at last, after what seemed like forever. â€Å"Thanks for your help, but we can take it from here† muttered the ski patrolman to John. Then he turned to me and said, â€Å"hey, I’m going to need you to stay still. I’m going to strap you onto this sled so I can pull you down to the bottom of the mountain. † â€Å"Okay† I said timidly. Once the ski patrolman had secured me on to the snow stretcher, he pulled me down the mountain using a snowmobile. We reached the bottom where paramedics were waiting to assist me. They picked up my stretcher and carefully placed me into the ambulance. Once we arrived at the small Telluride hospital, the paramedics slid me out of the ambulance and rolled me inside. Then they transferred me from the stretcher to a hospital bed. Within seconds there was a nurse putting I. V. s into my arms and giving me pain medication. The doctor came in and took me to a different room to get x-rays. It took a long time to get the results, but I didn’t mind because I fell asleep due to all of the painkillers I was given. The eventually came in and placed the x-ray on the wall so that I could see and said you’re a very lucky kid. He then went into detail and pointed out where I had a fracture in my neck. He told me that if it were any bigger of a fracture I could have been paralyzed for the rest of my life. I had always taken my life for granted until that moment. During adolescence, I was care free and reckless, not understanding the true value of life as many other teens do. That unfortunate event made me realize how short life is and that it can be taken away so easily. From then on out I have always been grateful for everything given to me, and all of the opportunities I receive. This is an example that anyone can learn from. Because of this accident I changed my ways and became a more thankful person and started appreciating the little things in life. Looking back I’m glad I made the mistake of going for a double backflip because if I had not, I would have never become the person I am today.

Contracts and Corporations

The History of the Answering Machine

The History of the Answering Machine According to Adventures in Cybersound, the Danish telephone engineer and inventor Valdemar Poulsen patented what he called a telegraphone in 1898. The telegraphone was the first practical apparatus for magnetic sound recording and reproduction. It was an ingenious apparatus for recording telephone conversations. It recorded, on a wire, the varying magnetic fields produced by a sound. The magnetized wire could then be used to play back the sound. Early Developments Mr. Willy MÃ ¼ller invented the first automatic answering machine in 1935. This answering machine was a three-foot-tall machine popular with Orthodox Jews who were forbidden to answer the phone on the Sabbath. The Ansafone, created by inventor Dr. Kazuo Hashimoto for Phonetel, was the first answering machine sold in the USA, beginning in 1960. Classic Models According to Casio TAD History (Telephone Answering Devices), Casio Communications created the modern telephone answering device (TAD) industry as we know it today by introducing the first commercially viable answering machine a quarter of a century ago. The product- the Model 400- is now featured in the Smithsonian. In 1971, PhoneMate introduced one of the first commercially viable answering machines, the Model 400. The unit weighs 10 pounds, screens calls, and holds 20 messages on a reel-to-reel tape. An earphone enables private message retrieval. Digital Innovation The first digital TAD ​was invented by Dr. Kazuo Hashimoto of Japan in mid-1983. US patent 4,616,110 entitled Automatic Digital Telephone Answering. Voicemail U.S. Patent No. 4,371,752 is the pioneer patent for what evolved into voice mail, and that patent belongs to Gordon Matthews. Gordon Matthews held over thirty-three patents. Gordon Matthews was the founder of the VMX company in Dallas, Texas that produced the first commercial voice mail system, he has become known as the Father of Voice Mail. In 1979, Gordon Matthews formed his company, VMX, of Dallas (Voice Message Express). He applied for a patent in 1979 for his voicemail invention and sold the first system to 3M. When I call a business, I like to talk to a human - Gordon Matthews.

Federal Laws & Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal Laws & Segregation - Essay Example The discussion focuses on Massachusetts where land-zoning policy was crafted to improve living standards of suburban residence. Although the rule has been faulted from some quarters, its success lies on its implementation, thus, ensuring that its noble ideals are attained. Federal law and segregation Federal law is a comprehensive legislation that holds the capacity to improve the welfare of the US citizens. It was initiated with a clear mission to promote monetary and social autonomy in various states in the US (housing and planning association article, 1). However, its critics are pushing for some sections to be repealed asserting their inconsistency in serving the national interest. Federal policies have presented two major consequences that are viewed in dynamic perspectives by stakeholders in US and especially in Massachusetts. Firstly, the policies have promoted or favored investment in suburbs while neglecting central cities (Haverty & Regnante 1). The policies present relevan t incentives that are boosting construction of housing units in rural settings and creation of effective management plans that facilitate equality. Ideally, these guidelines were developed to uplift living standards in rural areas. The policies were set to empower the less privileged individuals in suburb areas. The rules equivocally encouraged monetary and political competition between the cities and rural settings that enjoyed local autonomy in terms of administration of possessions. The policies enable the locals at various states in US with reference to Massachusetts to gain absolute autonomy over land use, taxation, housing, education. However, critics of federal policies asserts that, development of distinct suburban rules, and the competition among local authorities have promoted economic segregation and suburban sprawl. The policies has created uneven operating field caused by inconsistent jurisdictional laws that have encouraged segregation in the US (housing and planning a ssociation article, 2). Although the federal policies provide noble intentions to facilitate equality in service delivery, their execution requires advancement of consistent strategies that are sustainable. This is necessary to avert possible traumatizing incidences of war, for example, civil animosity. Anti-Snob Zoning In 1969, Massachusetts authorities developed a law referred to as â€Å"Anti Snob Zoning†. The law borrowed the concept of the federal policies with an aim of regulating land usage to correct racial imbalance and help in developing affordable housing. The government adopted zoning bylaws that provided clear guidelines on land usage and construction policies (Hall730). The guidelines sought to regulate the construction styles, density, open space and building design but not to promote housing burden sharing. This was to ensure that the buildings put up conform to set standards as the construction guidelines of the city structures. This project was undertaken in the local areas of Massachusetts to uplift the lifestyle of the poor, which is a fundamental right. Clearly, the law sets up construction policies, defined zonal aspects of building and prospective beneficiaries. The designated zones include single residence, multiple, commercial and industrial residents (Hall 730). This

Essay on School Life Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On School Life - Essay Example With this particular process, there is the ability to understand the school culture through organization, identity, resources and community relationships which are established. The conclusion which the authors show is that there needs to be a re-evaluation of leadership and the association which teachers have on every level toward enhancing the school culture. The strength of this article begins with the different areas which are evaluated for teachers. Instead of limiting the environment to the culture that is expected in a general context, the author’s examine the specific culture of the school environment. The combination of organization, resources and community are evaluated independently to create the right conclusion. This is combined with the dependent variables which are associated through the survey and observation to reach a better conclusion about what is occurring within society. This combination of information is one that allows the right evaluation to be made in terms of environment and with the concept of culture which is built from the different expectations with relationship building and the school relationships. While the survey and overall evaluation is one that considers a variety of concepts, there are also limits with the approach that is taken from the idea of teacher leadership. The evaluation of different components doesn’t move into the individual leadership styles or expectations that are within the classroom. This is furthered with the inability to create the right association with how one should respond to the environment or how each of the independent variables links to culture. The gap in defining culture, teacher roles and the other independent variables, both in the review of theories and in the broader context, doesn’t provide the correct association with what is needed in terms of leadership. The idea of teacher leadership becomes one that carries a gap toward the culture which is evaluated because of the lack of theory that is provided. Another change which would alter the way in which this article is presented is with the theories based on the evaluation. There were a small number of teachers that were observed and the survey was a casual and unstructured evaluation. If there were different structures or observations, it may have changed the results that were associated with the overall evaluation. The idea of teacher leadership and the model for school renewal may have carried different results with broader observations as well as more structure to the data which was retrieved. Further studies would need to be done to alter the way in which the information was presented. Combining this with more thorough application to school culture, leadership and the understanding of environment would have then closed the gaps with the research which was conducted. In the article by Ronald Lindhal, â€Å"The Role of Organizational Climate and Culture in the School Improvement Process,† t here is an understanding of what it means to belong to a complex institutional environment. The evaluation which occurs in this article looks at improvement in schools, climate and the school culture that is associated with the main ideologies that are there. The theoretical viewpoint is one which makes a statement that the school system carries a complex system because of the combined associations with education and the culture of the institution. In turn, there is the need for

Different theories of retirement and ageing

Different theories of retirement and ageing When discussing the subject of retirement, the first issue that one comes across is that of defining what retirement is, and when it occurs. According to Denton and Spencer (2009), the Oxford English Dictionary defines retirement as follows: To withdraw from office, or an official position; to give up ones business or occupation in order to enjoy more leisure or freedom (especially after having made a competence or earned a pension). They continue to add that retirement can be voluntary or involuntary; gradual or sudden; temporary or permanent. Hence, there is no one clear definition which embodies all the possible situations. In contrast, Banks and Smith (2006), argue that retirement is made up of the following characteristics; it is a sudden, rather than a gradual process, it is a permanent and voluntary choice, it equals to drawing a pension, and it is a decision made by the individual rather than cooperatively with household members. This is the concept of retirement that is adopted by most economists. In addition, retirement is a state of mind in the sense that the individual recognizes him/herself as being retired. The definition is hence a subjective one which may mean different things to different people and populations. In itself, it is a broad word which encompasses a number of different elements. For many workers, retirement is seen as an opportunity of long awaited freedom from the responsibilities and stress of employment. It brings change and marks a transition into the later life stages. It is a time of recreation and travel, and an opportunity to develop new mental and physical routines. Planning and anticipating retirement play an essential part in the lives of many workers and their families. Recently, the new phenomenon of early retirement has become increasingly more popular (Rosenkoetter Garris, 2001). Shaw and Hill (2002) stated that a commonly used definition for retirement is an age-related withdrawal from active working life. However, one has to define what constitutes an active working life. Some researchers have chosen to allow their respondents to classify themselves as to whether they are retired or not. This approach, however, has the disadvantage that the definition of retirement will not be the same for everyone as some people who are working and receiving a previous job pension may consider themselves retired whilst others who have stopped working and are taking care of grandchildren, for instance, do not consider themselves as retired. Hence, different definitions of retirement result in different retirement patterns for men and women. The authors go on to argue that as there is no single best definition for retirement, the definition should be adapted according the question being asked, therefore multiple definitions would be helpful when dealing with specific differe nces in men and womens decisions to leave the paid work force. Origins and History of Retirement In their respective works, Graebner (1980) and Costa (2000) provide a brief history on the evolution of retirement. Back in the 1850s, 77% of men who were over 65 years were still working. Not working was viewed as inappropriate and hence people worked as long as they could. In pre-industrial America, most worked in agriculture, and in this area there was no retirement. When a man became too old to do strenuous work such as ploughing, his son would usually take over whilst he shifts to less demanding chores. Before the Civil War, the elderly were viewed as valued people, for a number of reasons such as their knowledge, hard-work, moral guidance they offered and the contribution in reforming the country. As they grew older, they were still respected and played important roles in the community and families. After the Civil War, though, this began to change. The nation shifted from being primarily rural to an increasingly urban society transformed by industrialization. Unlike agricultur al workers, urban workers did not have the familial support to enable them to shift to less strenuous work as they aged. By the 1880s, the American economy relied on manufacturing, and relationships between young and old workers started to become troublesome. The idea of retirement started to develop as a means to deal with these conflicts. As industrialization grew in the United States, business and government leaders realized that they need to develop a mechanism which would stimulate economic growth whilst assisting in the replacement of less efficient older workers with cheaper, younger ones. The preferred mechanism for this was the mandatory retirement of older workers. With the introduction of machines, one began to realize that older workers were neither fast nor strong enough to operate machinery and this slowed down production. By getting older workers out of the way, the workforce would be replaced with a younger, faster, and more efficient one. Attitudes toward elderly people became increasingly negative. By the early 1900s factory owners restricted the hiring of older people and reinforced retirement policies which were mandatory in order to get rid of the ones already employed. Since many business owners were uncomfortable with the idea of getting rid of loyal older workers leaving them without any employme nt and income whatsoever, some of them offered pensions or helped to build company homes for the elderly. By the year 1920, mandatory retirement with a small pension became the preferred method for moving older workers aside. Hence, employers eliminated older workers but in the mean time felt secure that the retired worker would have enough money to survive. Without any doubt, some older workers resisted this plan. Social services were almost inexistent and retirement meant a lower standard of living. Yet, when confronted with so many retirement rules, workers found themselves forced out of their jobs so much so that by the year 1920, almost half of all white male workers over the age of 60 were no longer in the workforce. Still, older workers discovered that retiring and receiving some sort of, even if an insufficient, pension was better than being pushed aside without nothing at all. The first federal retirement legislation became known as The Railroad Retirement Act of 1935, and was a testing ground for later development. The easiest way out of chronic unemployment in the country became the retirement of all older persons; the only problem was making sure that pensions are available. Things changed once again during World War II when anyone who could went back to work. This put back the country into full employment once again. However, after the war, retirement was once again the mechanism which controlled costs and employment rates. Even though pensions became increasingly common, many retired workers remained unhappy about the idea of retirement so much so that an alarming number even refused to apply for social benefits. Hence, business and governments started to instil ideas to older workers with the idyllic thoughts of leisure, and the well-earned reward of free time at their age. This is when insurance companies started to make large profits out of life insurance policies and when sociologists formed the theories of aging. By the late 1960s, the mythology of retirement was completely assimilated into Americans minds. In the mid-1980s, mandates changed pension rules so that widows were not left without any benefits. Also, social security benefits were increased and as a result, the percent of pensioners living in poverty significantly dropped. By the 1970s and 1980s, pensions were fixed to a retirement formula which depended on the length of service and final salary of the person. This meant that a worker would not know what pension he would receive until he actually retired. To avoid all this, business shifted from traditional defined pension plans to defined contribution plans where they promised that a contribution of a certain amount would be done towards each workers pension. Benefits and Drawbacks of Retirement According to Coni, Davison, and Webster (1992), during retirement income is likely to be reduced, however occupational pensions which are becoming more common offer greater monetary security. Those who have become overly dependent on trappings of their employment may realize that their status has changed and that they miss the company of the work-place. On the other hand, retirement should be looked upon as a time of opportunity, which after all, may last for more than 30 years. If the approach towards retirement is a happy and an enthusiastic one, then it is very likely that it will live up to expectations. When it comes to learning new material, older learners usually do better due to higher motivation levels, and increased self-knowledge. The authors go on to argue that everybody has to find their own way through old age and retirement, and if one, at his or her age, feel happy and comfortable doing something, then that thing is right for him or her. When it comes to relationships , retirement may be the only time that one can truly live together with their partner since they are no longer kept apart by employment and family, even though difficulties may arise in this regard as well. Regarding fitness, one should keep in mind that the fitter one is, the less likely it is to become ill and the more likely one would make a full and swift recovery. Since the elderly are affected with degenerative changes, attention should be paid to both physical and mental fitness. Muscles waste in a sedentary lifestyle but they have the ability to redevelop and this can be achieved by doing an activity which one enjoys and gives them pleasure. These include; walking the dog, ballroom dancing, and even cultivating a garden. Mental activities should be taken up to develop and maintain the mind by learning, re-learning, or improving a foreign language. Prevention of illness is a lifelong need, and good habits must be started early and maintained throughout. A common reason for ea gerly anticipating retirement may be the wish to be freed from a strict routine inflicted by employment, which is understandable, but also inappropriate. Retirement should provide the opportunity of restructuring ones routine. This can be done by establishing enough time for physical activity, some time for learning, time for family and time for ones self. Having said all this, during retirement, one may be faced by unpleasant tasks, decisions, and situations. Therefore, fore-thinking potential problems such as loneliness, bereavement, becoming a carer, or becoming disabled, will always help to deal with such dilemmas. Windmill (1992), states that retirement can mean a loss of status, a sense of no longer being a useful society member, losing ones sense of purpose, and becoming part of the receiving end of society. However, one should understand the importance of preparing for retirement so that mental, physical, and social changes do not come by as a shock. Retirement means planning finances, doing leisure activities, and considering health and housing needs. Eliopoulos (1993) adds that retirement may be the first experience of the impact of ageing for many. It is facilitated by learning how to use, appreciate and gain satisfaction from leisure time, which is also a therapeutic outlet for life stresses. The author also mentions the stages of retirement developed by Robert Atchley in 1975, which, however, not all retirees go through: the remote phase where retirement is anticipated but preparation is seldom done; the near phase when preparation for leaving the job begins; the honeymoon phase which is the euphoric period that follows retirement; the disenchantment phase where depression may be experienced; the reorientation phase where realistic choices are considered; the stability phase when an understanding of a retirement roles is achieved and the termination phase when retirement role is lost due to illness or disability. Studies suggest this life event may be a stressful even for those experiencing health or financial issues at the time of retirement; however, those who manage to plan out their retirement are less likely to experience financial burdens. For some, retirement may mean loss of income and identity, loss of status authority, loss of purpose in life and loss of peer contacts (Miller, 1995). Retirement in Malta Locally, workers nearing the retirement age may be eligible for a retirement pension. A person would be eligible to a Contributory Retirement Pension if he or she satisfies a number of conditions; the person has reached the retirement age, 61 for males, and 60 for females, the worker has been employed or self-employed for not less than 10 year prior to retirement; the worker has paid at least 156 contributions; and that on the day of retirement, the worker has satisfied the relevant contribution conditions (Ministry of Education, Employment and the Family, 2011). The General Workers Union (2009) offers a course entitled Preparazzjoni ghall-Irtirar (Preparation for Retirement) and also houses a Pensioners Association whose major task is to attend to special and particular needs of pensioners and retired workers. It protects rights and interests, and safeguards pension levels and standard of living. Cultural, social, and educational activities are held annually and membership is open to all retired workers. Planning for Retirement According to Coni et al., (1992), we should all be planning our own retirement throughout our lives, and that even school-aged children should receive some form of instruction about the topic. This would enable younger people to have a better understanding of what ageing is and learn about some complexities of being old. Having hobbies and leisure pursuits at a young age may introduce them to activities that they enjoy. Hence, once retired, one would be able to revert to these activities. Financial planning must also start early because in order for one to have a secure retirement capital, an adequate income must firstly be assured. Unfortunately, attention also needs to be paid towards the possibility of widowhood (especially in women), and that remarriage may be an additional complication. Rosenkoetter Garris (2001), state that in a study carried out in 1989, retirement planning was the second strongest predictor of satisfaction amongst male respondents, and in another study in 1997; it was found that retirement planning correlated with positive attitudes towards retirement. By participating in pre-retirement programs or courses, one can start assessing his or her attitudes and preparedness towards retiring. These courses would be most successful if they manage to address financial and health matters. Since retirement may prove a new meaning and value to ones life, pre-retirement counseling assists individuals in their preparation. In an Australian study, it was noted that retirement may be a stressful and challenging event and that planning was directly correlated with successful adaptation. The authors conclude that post-retirement perceptions of planning most of the time may not correspond with pre-retirement preparation. In their study, more emphasis was placed of financial planning and psychosocial adjustment to their life after employment. There was a significant increase in sedentary activities with may correlate with an increased risk of health problems found in this age group, hence retirees should be encouraged not only in social interactions, but in physical activity too. Differences were found in planning according to the persons employment position, which relates to the need of developing post-retirement planning programs which are individualized to the type of worker. In their study, Phua and McNall (2008) concluded that as men age, concern about securing their finances increases and that this issue remains at top priority among people approaching retirement. The authors say that studies show that retirees eventually adjust their spending patterns according to the dynamics of their financial situation. Expectations towards marriage and having children is another issues that affects pre-retirement planning and this includes a need to resolve the conflict between saving and increased demands on financial resources that a family can require. According to Elder and Rudolph (1999), retirement satisfaction is based on both financial and non-financial variables. Results from their study indicated that attending preretirement courses and planning meetings were positively related to retirement satisfaction. Also, planning out activities correlated with an increased likelihood of retirement satisfaction. Theories of Ageing Throughout the years, scientists have been trying to develop theories of ageing in an attempt to answer questions such as Why do we age? and How do we age?. Early sociologic theories, in the 1960s, focused on adjustments of older people towards loss of roles and reference groups. Theories which are based on these themes include the disengagement, activity, and continuity theories. In 1961, Cumming and Henry published their first sociologic theory of ageing: the disengagement theory. According to this theory, a process of mutual disengagement takes place during aging where both the individual and the society in which he or she belong withdraw from each other (Redfern, 1996). This process is an inevitable one, and is governed by societys needs which dominate individual needs. This theory further states that older people desire this withdrawal, and as the social contacts of a person diminish, disengagement becomes a circular process that further limits opportunities of interaction (Miller, 1995). Another theory of ageing is the activity theory which is based on the belief that in order for one to age successfully, he or she must keep active. It was first stated by Havighurst and Albrecht in 1953 who said that social role participation is essential for positive adjustment to old age. In 1963, Havighurst and colleagues created the term activity theory. In 1972, then, it was Lemon and colleagues who formalized the theory which proposed that older people could only remain psychologically and socially fit if they remained active and that loss of roles in old age affect life satisfaction negatively. Above all, the quality of interaction is more important than the quantity of activity (Miller, 1995). The continuity (or developmental) theory was put forward by Neugarten in 1968 because none of the other theories successfully explained ageing. According to this theory, a persons coping strategies are in place long before he or she starts to age, however personality features are continuously dynamic and evolving. Therefore the best way to predict how a person will adjust to ageing is by examining how that same person has adjusted to situations throughout his or her life. This theory hence brings out the importance of the relationship between personality and successful ageing (Miller, 1995). Some other proposed theories of ageing include; the subculture theory proposed by Rose (1962, 1965), which states that old people have their own norms, beliefs, habits, and expectations and hence have their own subculture, the age stratification theory by Riley in 1972, which explains the interdependencies between age as an element of social structure and ageing and cohorts as a social process. Other theories include the person-environment fit theory and the human needs theory (Miller, 1995).